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…the FYS impact call for a
close examination of FYS using sophisticated methodologies.
However, methodologically, identifying and estimating average treatment effects of
an educational intervention, such as FYS courses, from nonexperimental data collected in
educational settings poses challenges to educational researchers (Bifulco et al., 2017; Li, 2017).…
https://www.wichita.edu/services/studentsuccess/first_year_seminar/FYSsuccess.pdf