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…disobedience and lack of cooperation to commission
of crimes and substance abuse (Piotrowska et al.,
2019, as cited in Vaughan et al., 2022). Individuals
exhibiting the behavior may be marginalized and
subject to social or legal sanctions; their families and
communities may struggle with anxiety and decreased
wellbeing; and the justice system, victims,…
https://www.wichita.edu/_archive/services/mcnair/Journals/2024-2025McNairJournal_FinalPrint.pdf